Waltharius781

Tunc a Gunthario clipeum sibi postulat ipsum		Clipeum sibi postulat ipsum: i.e., the right to take the shield of Waltharius after defeating him in combat.	Aeineid 9.267-268.: si vero capere Italiam sceptrisque potirei/ contigerit victori et praedae dicere sortem,/ vidisti, quo Turnus equo, quibus ibat in armis/ aureus; ipsum illum, clipeum cristasque rubentis/ excipiam sorti, iam nunc tua praemia, Nise. ‘But if it is our lot to take Italy, to wield a victor’s sceptre and to assign the spoil, you have seen the horse that Turnus rode and the armour he wore, all gold--that same horse, the shield and the crimson plumes I will set apart from the lot, your reward, Nisus, even now.’		SDDDDS
Quintus ab inflato Hadawardus pectore lusus.					DSDSDS Hiatus: inflato Hadawardus
Qui pergens hastam sociis dimisit habendam,			Aeineid 11.710-711.: tradit equum comiti paribusque resistit in armis/ ense pedes nudo. ‘She hands her horse over to a comrade and confronts him in equal arms, on foot, with naked sword.’ 3.329: Heleno transmisit habendam. ‘He passed me over to Helenus’ keeping.’		SSDSDS
Audax in solum confisus inaniter ensem.			Aeineid 12.789: hic gladio fidens. . . ‘One trusting to his sword. . .’		SSSDDS
Et dum conspiceret deiecta cadavera totam	785				SDSDDS
Conclusisse viam nec equum transire valere,					SDDSDS
Dissiliens parat ire pedes. stetit acer in armis			Aeineid 10.453-454.: desiluit Turnus biiugis, pedes apparat ire/ comminus. ‘Down from his chariot leapt Turnus; he makes ready to close with the other on foot.’ 7.624: pars pedes ire parat. ‘Some make ready to go on foot.’ 12.938-939.: stetit acer in armis/ Aeneas. ‘Firece in his armour, Aeneas stood still.’		DDDDDS
Waltharius laudatque virum, qui praebuit aequam			Aeneid 5.419: aequemus pugnas. ‘Let us make the battle even.’		DSDSDS
Pugnandi sortem. Hadawart tum dixit ad illum:			Aeneid 5.419: aequemus pugnas. ‘Let us make the battle even.’		SSDSDS Hiatus: sortem Hadawart
O versute dolis ac fraudis conscie serpens	790		Aeneid 8.393: sensit laeta dolis et formae conscia coniunx. ‘His consort knew it, rejoicing in her wiles and conscious of her beauty.’		SDSSDS
Occultare artus squamoso tegmine suetus			Georgics 2.153-154.: nec rapit immensos orbis per humum neque tanto/ squameus in spiram tractu se colligit anguis. ‘Nor yet, sweeping huge coils along the ground, does the scaly snake with his vast train wind himself into a spiral.’ Prudentius, Hamartigenia 423: squamosum thoraca gerens de pelle colubri. . . ‘Wearing a scaly breast-plate of snakeskin. . .’		SSSSDS Elision: occultare artus
Ac veluti coluber girum collectus in unum			Ovid, Metamorphoses 13.910: conlectus in unum. . . ‘Gathered into one. . .’		DDSSDS
Tela tot evitas tenui sine vulneris ictu		Ictu equiv. to vestigio. Alternatively, this could be an example of the rare genitivus inhaerentiae, or synonymous genitive (cf. semita callis in line 1198).			DSDDDS
Atque venenatas ludis sine more sagittas --		Sine more: to be taken either as sine lege (“lawlessly, immoderately, uncontrollably”) or as sine exemplo (“without precedent, remarkably”); evidence for both interpretations can be drawn from the use of the phrase in the Aeneid.	Aeineid 5.694: sine more furit. ‘It rages unrestrained.’		DSSDDS
Numquid et iste putas astu vitabitur ictus,	795		Aeineid 9.747: at non hoc telum, mea quod vi dextera versat,/ effugies, neque enim is teli nec vulneris auctor. ‘But you will not escape from this weapon that my right arm brandishes; for not such is the wielder of weapon and wound.’		DDSSDS
Quem propius stantis certo libramine mittit			Aeineid 9.747: at non hoc telum, mea quod vi dextera versat,/ effugies, neque enim is teli nec vulneris auctor. ‘But you will not escape from this weapon that my right arm brandishes; for not such is the wielder of weapon and wound.’		DSSSDS
Dextra manus? neque enim is teli seu vulneris auctor.		Neque enim is teli seu vulneris auctor: Various possibilities. (1) Is equiv. to the previous, defeated warrior. (2) Hadawart is still speaking of himself in the third-person. Is refers back to propius stantis and is equivalent to talis; again a comparison with his predecessors is made. (3) Is equiv. to Hadawart; the point is that the real auctor is God, i.e., annuit coeptis.			DDSSDS Elision: neque enim; enim is
Audi consilium, parmam deponito pictam:			Liber Proverbiorum 19.20: audi consilium. ‘Hear counsel.’		SDSSDS
Hanc mea sors quaerit, regis quoque sponsio praestat;					DSSDDS
Nolo quidem laedas, oculis quia complacet istis.	800	Laedas: sc. parmam Istis equiv. to meis			DSDDDS
Sin alias, licet et lucem mihi dempseris almam,		Sin alias equiv. to sin aliter res accidit	Aeineid 1.306: lux alma. . . ‘Kindly light. . .’		DDSDDS
Assunt hic plures socii carnisque propinqui,					SSDSDS
Qui, quamvis volucrem simules pennasque capessas,			Aeineid 12.891-892.: verte omnis tete in facies et contrahe quidquid/ sive animis sive arte vales; opta ardua pennis/ astra sequi. ‘Change yourself into all shapes, muster all your powers of courage or skill; wing your flight, if you will, to the stars aloft.’		SDDSDS
Te tamen immunem numquam patientur abire.'			Liber Iudith 12.11: inmunis transeat ab eo. . . ‘So as to pass free of him. . .’		DSSDDS
Belliger at contra nil territus intulit ista:	805				DSSDDS
De reliquis taceo, clipeum defendere curo.			Aeineid 12.95-96.: nunc, o numquam frustrata vocatus/ hasta meos, nunc tempus adest. ‘Now, spear that never failed my call, now the hour is come!’		DDDSDS
Pro meritis, mihi crede, bonis sum debitor illi.			Aeineid 12.95-96.: nunc, o numquam frustrata vocatus/ hasta meos, nunc tempus adest. ‘Now, spear that never failed my call, now the hour is come!’		DDDSDS
Hostibus iste meis se opponere saepe solebat			Aeineid 5.335: sese opposuit Salio. ‘He threw himself in the way of Salius.’		DDSDDS Elision: se opponere
Et pro vulneribus suscepit vulnera nostris.					SDSSDS
Quam sit oportunus hodie mihi, cernis, et ipse	810	Ipse equiv. to tu			DSDDDS
Non cum Walthario loquereris forsan, abesset.		Abesset: sc. si clipeus			SDSSDS
Viribus o summis hostem depellere cures,		Waltharius now addresses his two hands in turn.	Aeineid 5.226: summis adnixus viribus urget. ‘He strives with all his might, pressing hard.’		DSSSDS
Dextera, ne rapiat tibi propugnacula muri!			Aeineid 9.664: it clamor totis per propugnacula muris. ‘The shout runs from tower to tower, all along the walls.’ Prudentius, Hamartigenia 492: propugnacula muris. . . ‘The defenses of the walls.’		DDDSDS
Tu clavum umbonis studeas retinere, sinistra,		Clavum umbonis: “the handle/grip of the shield”			DSDDDS
Atque ebori digitos circumfer glutine fixos!	815	Ebori equiv. to clavo, made of ivory. Locative ablative. Glutine: “[as if] with glue”			DDSSDS
Istic ne ponas pondus, quod tanta viarum					SSSSDS
Portasti spatia, ex Avarum nam sedibus altis!'			Aeineid 2.464-465.: altis/ sedibus. . . ‘From the lofty place. . .’		SDDSDS Elision: spatia ex
Ille dehinc: 'invitus agis, si sponte recusas.		Invitus…sponte: a paradoxical contrast, i.e., “you’re not doing what you actually want.”			DSDSDS
Solum parmam, sed equum cum virgine et auro					SSDSDS Elision: virgine et
Reddes: tum demum scelerum cruciamina pendes.'	820				SSDDDS
Haec ait et notum vagina diripit ensem.			Aeineid 10.475: vaginaque cava fulgentem deripit ensem. ‘He plucks his flashing sword from its hollow scabbard.’ 12.759: notumque efflagitat ensem. ‘He clamours for the sword he knows.’		DSSSDS
Inter se variis terrarum partibus orti			Aeineid 12.707-708.: stupet ipse Latinus/ ingentis, genitos diversis partibus orbis,/ inter se coiisse viros et cernere ferro. ‘Latinus himself is amazed that these mighty men, born in different parts of the world, have met together and are deciding the outcome with the sword.’ 12.713-714.: tum crebros ensibus ictus/ congeminant. ‘Then with the sword they redouble blow on blow.’		SDSSDS
Concurrunt. stupuit Vosegus haec fulmina et ictus.		Vosegus: the landscape is personified as an observer.	Aeineid 12.707-708.: stupet ipse Latinus/ ingentis, genitos diversis partibus orbis,/ inter se coiisse viros et cernere ferro. ‘Latinus himself is amazed that these mighty men, born in different parts of the world, have met together and are deciding the outcome with the sword.’ 12.713-714.: tum crebros ensibus ictus/ congeminant. ‘Then with the sword they redouble blow on blow.’		SDDSDS Elision: fulmina et
Olli sublimes animis ac grandibus armis,			Aeneid 12.788-789.: olli sublimes armis animisque refecti,/ hic gladio fidens, hic acer et arduus hasta. . . ‘At full height, in arms and heart renewed, one trusting to his sword, the other fiercely towering with his spear. . .’ 11.291: ambo insignes praestantibus armis . ‘Both were renowned for courage, both eminent in arms.’		SSDSDS
Hic gladio fidens, hic acer et arduus hasta,	825		Aeneid 12.788-789.: olli sublimes armis animisque refecti,/ hic gladio fidens, hic acer et arduus hasta. . . ‘At full height, in arms and heart renewed, one trusting to his sword, the other fiercely towering with his spear. . .’ 11.291: ambo insignes praestantibus armis . ‘Both were renowned for courage, both eminent in arms.’		DSSDDS
Inter se multa et valida vi proelia miscent.			Aeneid 12.720: illi inter sese multa vi vulnera miscent. ‘With mighty force they deal mutual wounds.’ Georgics 3.220: illi alternantes multa vi proelia miscent. ‘In alternate onset they join battle with mighty force.’		SSDSDS Elision: multa et
Non sic nigra sonat percussa securibus ilex,			Aeineid 6.180: sonat icta securibus ilex. ‘The ilex rings to the stroke of the axe.’ 9.381: silva fuit late dumis atque ilice nigra. ‘The forest spread wide with thickets and dark ilex.’ Eclogue 6.54: ilice sub nigra. . . ‘Under a dark ilex. . .’		SDSSDS
Ut dant tinnitus galeae clipeique resultant.			Aeineid 9.808-809.: strepit adsiduo cava tempora circum/ tinnitu galea. ‘Round his hollow temples the helmet echoes with ceaseless clash.’		SSDDDS
Mirantur Franci, quod non lassesceret heros					SSSSDS
Waltharius, cui nulla quies spatiumve dabatur.	830		Aeineid 12.696: spatiumque dedere. ‘They gave him room.’		DSDDDS
Emicat hic impune putans iam Wormatiensis		Impune equiv. to se sine periculo facturum	Aeineid 12.728-729.: emicit hic impune putans et corpore toto/ alte sublatum consurgit Turnus in ensem/ et ferit. . .at perfidus ensis/ frangitur in medioque ardentem deserit ictu. ‘Turnus springs forward, thinking it safe, he rises full height on his uplifted sword, and strikes. . .But the treacherous sword snaps, and in mid stroke fails its ardent lord.’		DSDSDS
Alte et sublato consurgit fervidus ense,			Aeineid 12.728-729.: emicit hic impune putans et corpore toto/ alte sublatum consurgit Turnus in ensem/ et ferit. . .at perfidus ensis/ frangitur in medioque ardentem deserit ictu. ‘Turnus springs forward, thinking it safe, he rises full height on his uplifted sword, and strikes. . .But the treacherous sword snaps, and in mid stroke fails its ardent lord.’		SSSSDS Elision: alte et
Hoc ictu memorans semet finire duellum.		Memorans equiv. to ratus			SDSSDS
Providus at iuvenis ferientem cuspide adacta			Aeineid 9.431: viribus ensis adactus. . . ‘The sword, driven with force. . .’		DDDSDS Elision: cuspide adacta
Intercepit et ignarum dimittere ferrum	835	Ignarum: Hadawart; some take it with ferrum (cf. line 1298).	Aeineid 10.402: medius Rhoeteus intercipit. ‘Rhoeteus intercepts [it] midway.’		SDSSDS
Cogebat. procul in dumis resplenduit ensis.			Aeineid 12.741: fulva resplendent fragmina harena. ‘The fragments glitter on the yellow sand.’		SDSSDS
Hic ubi se gladio spoliatum vidit amico,			Aeneid 12.733-734.: fugit ocior Euro/ ut capulum ignotum dextramque aspexit inermem. ‘Swifter than the East Wind he flies, as soon as he sees an unknown hilt in his defenceless hand.’		DDDSDS
Accelerare fugam fruticesque volebat adire.			Aeneid 12.733-734.: fugit ocior Euro/ ut capulum ignotum dextramque aspexit inermem. ‘Swifter than the East Wind he flies, as soon as he sees an unknown hilt in his defenceless hand.’ Aeineid 9.378: celerare fugam in silvas. ‘They speed their flight to the wood.’		DDDDDS
Alpharides fretus pedibus viridique iuventa		Alpharides: a Greek-style patronymic for Waltharius, whose father is Alphares.	Aeineid 5.430: ille pedum melior motu fretusque iuventa. . . ‘The one nimbler of foot and confident in his youth. . .’ 5.295: Euryalus forma insignis viridique iuventa. . . ‘Euryalus famed for beauty and flower of youth. . .’		DSDDDS
Insequitur dicens: 'quonam fugis? accipe scutum!'	840	Quonam fugis: perhaps a light touch; cf. Ov. Met. 8.108.	Aeineid 5.430: ille pedum melior motu fretusque iuventa. . . ‘The one nimbler of foot and confident in his youth. . .’ 5.295: Euryalus forma insignis viridique iuventa. . . ‘Euryalus famed for beauty and flower of youth. . .’ Aeineid 10.649: quo fugis, Aenea? thalamos ne desere pactos. ‘Where are you fleeing, Aeneas? Forsake not your plighted marriage.’ 12.359-360.: en agros et quam bello, Troiane, petisti,/ Hesperiam metire iacens. ‘See, Trojan, the fields and that Hesperia that you sought in war: lie there and measure them out!’		DSSDDS
Sic ait atque hastam manibus levat ocius ambis			Aeneid 1.464: sic ait atque. . . ‘So he speaks, and. . .’		DSDDDS Elision: H-ELISION: atque hastam
Et ferit. ille cadit, clipeus superintonat ingens.			Aeineid 9.709: clipeum super intonat ingens. ‘The huge shield thunders over him.’		DDDDDS
Nec tardat iuvenis: pede collum pressit et hasta		Hasta: ablative of means with infixerat in the next line	Aeineid 12.356-357.: pede collo/ impresso dextrae mucronem extorquet et alto/ fulgentem tingit iugulo. ‘Planting his foot on his neck, he wrests the sword from his hand and dyes the glittering blade deep in his throat.’		SDDSDS
Divellens parmam telluri infixerat illum.					SSSSDS Elision: telluri infixerat
Ipse oculos vertens animam sufflavit in auram.	845		Aeneid 8.438: Gorgona desecto vertentem lumina collo. . . ‘The Gorgon herself, with neck severed and eyes revolving. . .’ Ovid, Metamorphoses 6.247: lumina versarunt, animam simul exhalarunt. ‘They moved their dying eyes and together they breathed their last.’		DSDSDS Elision: ipse oculos

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Prologue Introduction: the Huns (1–12) The Huns (13–418) The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33) The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74) The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92) Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115) Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122) Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141) Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169) Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214) The Escape (215–418) Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255) Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286) Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323) Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357) The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379) Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418) The Single Combats (419–1061) Diplomacy (419–639) Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435) Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488) Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512) Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531) Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571) Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580) Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616) Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639) Combat (640–1061) 1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685) 2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719) Gunther encourages his men (720–724) 3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753) 4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780) 5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845) Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877) 6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913) 7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940) Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961) 8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981) Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061) The Final Combat (1062–1452) Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088) Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129) Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187) The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207) Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236) Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279) The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345) Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375) Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395) Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442) The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452) Epilogue (1453–1456)

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