Waltharius914

Tu clavum umbonis [[studeas]] retinere, sinistra,		Clavum umbonis: “the handle/grip of the shield”			DSDDDS
Atque ebori digitos circumfer glutine fixos!	815	Ebori equiv. to clavo, made of ivory. Locative ablative. Glutine: “[as if] with glue”			DDSSDS
Istic ne ponas pondus, quod tanta viarum					SSSSDS
Portasti spatia, ex Avarum nam sedibus altis!'			Aeineid 2.464-465.: altis/ sedibus. . . ‘From the lofty place. . .’		SDDSDS Elision: spatia ex
Ille dehinc: 'invitus agis, si sponte recusas.		Invitus…sponte: a paradoxical contrast, i.e., “you’re not doing what you actually want.”			DSDSDS
[[x Solum parmam, sed equum cum virgine et auro					SSDSDS Elision: virgine et
Reddes: tum demum scelerum cruciamina pendes.'	820				SSDDDS
Haec ait et notum vagina diripit ensem.			Aeineid 10.475: vaginaque cava fulgentem deripit ensem. ‘He plucks his flashing sword from its hollow scabbard.’ 12.759: notumque efflagitat ensem. ‘He clamours for the sword he knows.’		DSSSDS
Inter se variis terrarum partibus orti			Aeineid 12.707-708.: stupet ipse Latinus/ ingentis, genitos diversis partibus orbis,/ inter se coiisse viros et cernere ferro. ‘Latinus himself is amazed that these mighty men, born in different parts of the world, have met together and are deciding the outcome with the sword.’ 12.713-714.: tum crebros ensibus ictus/ congeminant. ‘Then with the sword they redouble blow on blow.’		SDSSDS
Concurrunt. stupuit Vosegus haec fulmina et ictus.		Vosegus: the landscape is personified as an observer.	Aeineid 12.707-708.: stupet ipse Latinus/ ingentis, genitos diversis partibus orbis,/ inter se coiisse viros et cernere ferro. ‘Latinus himself is amazed that these mighty men, born in different parts of the world, have met together and are deciding the outcome with the sword.’ 12.713-714.: tum crebros ensibus ictus/ congeminant. ‘Then with the sword they redouble blow on blow.’		SDDSDS Elision: fulmina et
Olli sublimes animis ac grandibus armis,			Aeneid 12.788-789.: olli sublimes armis animisque refecti,/ hic gladio fidens, hic acer et arduus hasta. . . ‘At full height, in arms and heart renewed, one trusting to his sword, the other fiercely towering with his spear. . .’ 11.291: ambo insignes praestantibus armis . ‘Both were renowned for courage, both eminent in arms.’		SSDSDS
Hic gladio fidens, hic acer et arduus hasta,	825		Aeneid 12.788-789.: olli sublimes armis animisque refecti,/ hic gladio fidens, hic acer et arduus hasta. . . ‘At full height, in arms and heart renewed, one trusting to his sword, the other fiercely towering with his spear. . .’ 11.291: ambo insignes praestantibus armis . ‘Both were renowned for courage, both eminent in arms.’		DSSDDS
Inter se multa et valida vi proelia miscent.			Aeneid 12.720: illi inter sese multa vi vulnera miscent. ‘With mighty force they deal mutual wounds.’ Georgics 3.220: illi alternantes multa vi proelia miscent. ‘In alternate onset they join battle with mighty force.’		SSDSDS Elision: multa et
Non sic nigra sonat percussa securibus ilex,			Aeineid 6.180: sonat icta securibus ilex. ‘The ilex rings to the stroke of the axe.’ 9.381: silva fuit late dumis atque ilice nigra. ‘The forest spread wide with thickets and dark ilex.’ Eclogue 6.54: ilice sub nigra. . . ‘Under a dark ilex. . .’		SDSSDS
Ut dant tinnitus galeae clipeique resultant.			Aeineid 9.808-809.: strepit adsiduo cava tempora circum/ tinnitu galea. ‘Round his hollow temples the helmet echoes with ceaseless clash.’		SSDDDS
Mirantur Franci, quod non lassesceret heros					SSSSDS
Waltharius, cui nulla quies spatiumve dabatur.	830		Aeineid 12.696: spatiumque dedere. ‘They gave him room.’		DSDDDS
Emicat hic impune putans iam Wormatiensis		Impune equiv. to se sine periculo facturum	Aeineid 12.728-729.: emicit hic impune putans et corpore toto/ alte sublatum consurgit Turnus in ensem/ et ferit. . .at perfidus ensis/ frangitur in medioque ardentem deserit ictu. ‘Turnus springs forward, thinking it safe, he rises full height on his uplifted sword, and strikes. . .But the treacherous sword snaps, and in mid stroke fails its ardent lord.’		DSDSDS
Alte et sublato consurgit fervidus ense,			Aeineid 12.728-729.: emicit hic impune putans et corpore toto/ alte sublatum consurgit Turnus in ensem/ et ferit. . .at perfidus ensis/ frangitur in medioque ardentem deserit ictu. ‘Turnus springs forward, thinking it safe, he rises full height on his uplifted sword, and strikes. . .But the treacherous sword snaps, and in mid stroke fails its ardent lord.’		SSSSDS Elision: alte et
Hoc ictu memorans semet finire duellum.		Memorans equiv. to ratus			SDSSDS
Providus at iuvenis ferientem cuspide adacta			Aeineid 9.431: viribus ensis adactus. . . ‘The sword, driven with force. . .’		DDDSDS Elision: cuspide adacta
Intercepit et ignarum dimittere ferrum	835	Ignarum: Hadawart; some take it with ferrum (cf. line 1298).	Aeineid 10.402: medius Rhoeteus intercipit. ‘Rhoeteus intercepts [it] midway.’		SDSSDS
Cogebat. procul in dumis resplenduit ensis.			Aeineid 12.741: fulva resplendent fragmina harena. ‘The fragments glitter on the yellow sand.’		SDSSDS
Hic ubi se gladio spoliatum vidit amico,			Aeneid 12.733-734.: fugit ocior Euro/ ut capulum ignotum dextramque aspexit inermem. ‘Swifter than the East Wind he flies, as soon as he sees an unknown hilt in his defenceless hand.’		DDDSDS
Accelerare fugam fruticesque volebat adire.			Aeneid 12.733-734.: fugit ocior Euro/ ut capulum ignotum dextramque aspexit inermem. ‘Swifter than the East Wind he flies, as soon as he sees an unknown hilt in his defenceless hand.’ Aeineid 9.378: celerare fugam in silvas. ‘They speed their flight to the wood.’		DDDDDS
Alpharides fretus pedibus viridique iuventa		Alpharides: a Greek-style patronymic for Waltharius, whose father is Alphares.	Aeineid 5.430: ille pedum melior motu fretusque iuventa. . . ‘The one nimbler of foot and confident in his youth. . .’ 5.295: Euryalus forma insignis viridique iuventa. . . ‘Euryalus famed for beauty and flower of youth. . .’		DSDDDS
Insequitur dicens: 'quonam fugis? accipe scutum!'	840	Quonam fugis: perhaps a light touch; cf. Ov. Met. 8.108.	Aeineid 5.430: ille pedum melior motu fretusque iuventa. . . ‘The one nimbler of foot and confident in his youth. . .’ 5.295: Euryalus forma insignis viridique iuventa. . . ‘Euryalus famed for beauty and flower of youth. . .’ Aeineid 10.649: quo fugis, Aenea? thalamos ne desere pactos. ‘Where are you fleeing, Aeneas? Forsake not your plighted marriage.’ 12.359-360.: en agros et quam bello, Troiane, petisti,/ Hesperiam metire iacens. ‘See, Trojan, the fields and that Hesperia that you sought in war: lie there and measure them out!’		DSSDDS
Sic ait atque hastam manibus levat ocius ambis			Aeneid 1.464: sic ait atque. . . ‘So he speaks, and. . .’		DSDDDS Elision: H-ELISION: atque hastam
Et ferit. ille cadit, clipeus superintonat ingens.			Aeineid 9.709: clipeum super intonat ingens. ‘The huge shield thunders over him.’		DDDDDS
Nec tardat iuvenis: pede collum pressit et hasta		Hasta: ablative of means with infixerat in the next line	Aeineid 12.356-357.: pede collo/ impresso dextrae mucronem extorquet et alto/ fulgentem tingit iugulo. ‘Planting his foot on his neck, he wrests the sword from his hand and dyes the glittering blade deep in his throat.’		SDDSDS
Divellens parmam telluri infixerat illum.					SSSSDS Elision: telluri infixerat
Ipse oculos vertens animam sufflavit in auram.	845		Aeneid 8.438: Gorgona desecto vertentem lumina collo. . . ‘The Gorgon herself, with neck severed and eyes revolving. . .’ Ovid, Metamorphoses 6.247: lumina versarunt, animam simul exhalarunt. ‘They moved their dying eyes and together they breathed their last.’		DSDSDS Elision: ipse oculos
Sextus erat Patavrid. soror hunc germana Haganonis			Aeineid 10.810-811: Lausum increpitat Lausoque minatur: ‘quo moriture ruis maioraque viribus audes?/ fallit te incautum pietas tua.’ ‘He chides Lausus and threatens Lausus: “Where are you rushing to death, with your daring beyond your strength? Your love is betraying you into rashness.” ’		DDDSDS Elision: H-ELISION: germana Haganonis
Protulit ad lucem. quem dum procedere vidit,		Quem: Patavrid; the subject is Hagen, watching from his hill.	Aeineid 10.810-811: Lausum increpitat Lausoque minatur: ‘quo moriture ruis maioraque viribus audes?/ fallit te incautum pietas tua.’ ‘He chides Lausus and threatens Lausus: “Where are you rushing to death, with your daring beyond your strength? Your love is betraying you into rashness.” ’		DSSSDS
Vocibus et precibus conatur avunculus inde		Avunculus: cf. Tac. Germ. 20 on the importance of this familial relationship among the Germanic tribes.			DDSDDS
Flectere proclamans: 'quonam ruis? aspice mortem,			Aeineid 12.800: precibusque inflectere nostris. ‘Yield to my entreaties.’ Aeineid 10.811: quo moriture ruis? ‘Where are you rushing to death?’ Prudentius, Psychomachia 352: quo ruitis? ‘To what fate are you rushing?’		DSSDDS
Qualiter arridet! desiste! en ultima Parcae	850	Parcae: the three sisters of Classical antiquity who controlled the destiny of humans, also known as the Fates or Moirae, had a counterpart in the Germanic Norns.	Aeineid 12.60: unum oro: desiste manum committere Teucris. ‘One boon I beg: forbear to join combat with the Trojans.’ 10.814-815.: extrema Lauso/ Parcae fila legunt. ‘The Fates gather up Lausus’ last threads.’		DSSSDS Elision: desiste en
Fila legunt. o care [[nepos1|nepos]], te mens tua fallit.			Aeineid 10.812: fallit te incautum pietas tua. ‘Your love is betraying you into rashness.’		DSDSDS
Desine! Waltharii tu denique viribus impar.'			Aeineid 12.800: desine iam tandem. ‘Cease now, I pray you.’ 10.458-459.: si qua fors adiuvet ausum/ viribus imparibus. . . ‘In the hope that chance would aid the venture of his ill-matched strength. . .’ Ovid, Metamorphoses 5.610: ego viribus inpar. . . ‘I, being ill-matched in strength. . .’ Lucan, De Bello Civili 2.607-608.: sic viribus inpar/ tradidit Hesperiam. ‘Thus he surrendered Italy to his stronger rival.’		DDSDDS
Infelix tamen ille means haec omnia sprevit,					SDDSDS
Arsit enim venis laudem captare cupiscens.			Aeineid 12.71: ardet in arma magis. ‘He burns yet more for the fray.’		DSSSDS
Tristatusque Hagano suspiria pectore longa	855		Aeineid 1.371: suspirans imoque trahens a pectore vocem. . . ‘Sighing and drawing every word deep from his breast. . .’ Ovid, Metamorphoses 10.402-403.: suspiria duxit ab imo/ pectore. ‘She sighed deeply from the bottom of her heart.’		SDSDDS Elision: H-ELISION: tristatusque Hagano
Traxit et has imo fudit de [[corde]] loquelas:			Aeineid 5.842: funditque has ore loquelas. ‘He pours these accents from his lips.’		DSSSDS
[[[o]] vortex mundi, fames insatiatus habendi,		Insatiatus equiv. to insatiata, an anomaly.	Prudentius, Psychomachia 478-479.: nec parcit propriis amor insatiatus habendi/ pigneribus. ‘The insatiable love of possession spares not his own dear ones.’ Hamartigenia 254-255.: sorbeat ut cumulos nummorum faucibus amplis/ gurges avaritiae, finis quam nullus habendi/ temperat. . .inde seges scelerum, radix et sola malorum. ‘The maw of greed swallows piles of money down its wide throat, since no limit of possession controls it. . .Hence comes a crop of sins and the sole root of evil.’ Epistula Ad Timotheum I 6.10: radix enim omnium malorum est cupiditas. ‘For the desire of money is the root of all evils.’		SSDDDS
Gurges avaritiae, cunctorum fibra malorum!		Fibra equiv. to radix	Prudentius, Psychomachia 478-479.: nec parcit propriis amor insatiatus habendi/ pigneribus. ‘The insatiable love of possession spares not his own dear ones.’ Hamartigenia 254-255.: sorbeat ut cumulos nummorum faucibus amplis/ gurges avaritiae, finis quam nullus habendi/ temperat. . .inde seges scelerum, radix et sola malorum. ‘The maw of greed swallows piles of money down its wide throat, since no limit of possession controls it. . .Hence comes a crop of sins and the sole root of evil.’ Epistula Ad Timotheum I 6.10: radix enim omnium malorum est cupiditas. ‘For the desire of money is the root of all evils.’		DDSSDS
O utinam solum gluttires dira metallum		Dira: sc. Avaritia			DSSSDS Hiatus: o utinam
Divitiasque alias, homines impune remittens!	860				DDDSDS Elision: divitiasque alias
Sed tu nunc homines perverso numine perflans			Aeineid 7.584: contra fata deum perverso numine poscunt. ‘Despite the oracles of gods, with perverse will clamour for unholy war.’		SDSSDS
Incendis nullique suum iam sufficit. ecce					SSDSDS
Non trepidant mortem pro lucro incurrere turpem.					DSSSDS Elision: lucro incurrere
Quanto plus retinent, tanto sitis ardet habendi.			Boethius, Philosophiae Consolationis 2.2.17-18.: largis potius muneribus fluens/ sitis ardescit habendi. ‘Even in those whose wealth is overflowing, the thirst for gain still burns.’ 2.5.26: fervens amor ardet habendi. ‘The hot lust for gain burns.’		SDSDDS
Externis modo vi modo furtive potiuntur	865	Retinent equiv. to habent Tanto: sc. magis			SDDSDS
Et, quod plus renovat gemitus lacrimasque ciebit,			Aeineid 6.468: lacrimasque ciebat. ‘He stirred up tears.’		SDDDDS
Caeligenas animas Erebi fornace retrudunt.		Caeligenas: “born from heaven”			DDDSDS
Ecce ego dilectum nequeo revocare nepotem,					DSDDDS Elision: ecce ego
[[stimulatus Enim de te est, o saeva cupido.			Statius, Silvae 2.1.214: saeva cupido. . . ‘Fierce desire. . .’		DDSSDS Elision: te est
En caecus mortem properat gustare nefandam	870		Secundum Mattheum 16.28: non gustabunt mortem. ‘They will not taste death.’		SSDSDS
Et vili pro laude cupit descendere ad umbras.			Aeineid 6.404: imas Erebi descendit ad umbras. ‘He descends to the lowest shades of Erebus.’		SSDSDS Elision: descendere ad
Heu, mihi care nepos, quid matri, perdite, mandas?		Quid equiv. to Quae ultima verba			DDSSDS
Quis nuper ductam refovebit, care, maritam,					SSDSDS
Cui nec, rapte spei, pueri ludicra dedisti?		Pueri: objective genitive	Prudentius, Psychomachia 298: expertus pueri quid possint ludicra parvi. ‘He found what a little child’s toy can do.’		SSDSDS
Quis tibi nam furor est? unde haec dementia venit?'	875		Georgics 4.495: quis tantus furor? ‘What dreadful madness. . .?’ Aeineid 5.670: quis furor iste novus? ‘What strange madness is this?’ Prudentius, Psychomachia 351: quis furor insanas agitat caligine mentes? ‘What blinding madness is vexing your disordered minds?’ Aeineid 6.373: unde haec, o Palinure, tibi tam dira cupido? ‘Whence, Palinurus, comes this wild longing of yours?’9.601: quae vos dementia adegit? ‘What madness has driven you?’		DDSSDS Elision: unde haec
Sic ait et gremium lacrimis conspersit obortis,			Aeineid 4.30: sic effata sinum lacrimis implevit obortis. ‘So saying, she filled her breast with upwelling tears.’ 3.492: hos ego digrediens lacrimis adfabar obortis. ‘My tears welled up as I spoke to them my parting words.’ 6.867: tum pater Anchises lacrimis ingressus obortis. ‘Then, as his tears well up, Father Anchises begins.’		DDDSDS
Et longum 'formose, vale' singultibus edit.			Eclogue 3.79: et longum, ‘formose, vale, vale,’ inquit, Iolla. ‘She cried in halting accents, Iollas: “Farewell, farewell, my lovely!” ’		SSDSDS
Waltharius, licet alonge, socium fore maestum		Alonge: cf. note on line 480.			DDSDDS
Attendit, clamorque simul pervenit ad aures.			Aeineid 2.81: pervenit ad aures. . . ‘It has brought to your ears. . .’ 2.119: vulgi quae vox ut venit ad auris. . . ‘When this utterance came to the ears of the crowd. . .’ 9.395-396: cum clamor ad auris/ pervenit. . . ‘When a cry reaches his ears. . .’		SSDSDS
Unde incursantem sic est affatus equestrem:	880		Aeineid 6.666: quos circumfusos sic est adfata Sibylla. ‘These as they streamed round, the Sibyl thus addressed.’		SSSSDS Elision: unde incursantem
[[[accipe]] consilium, iuvenis clarissime, nostrum			Aeineid 1.676: nostram nunc accipe mentem. ‘Take now my thought.’		DDDSDS
Et te conservans melioribus utere fatis.			Aeineid 6.546: i decus, i, nostrum; melioribus utere fatis. ‘Go, you who are our glory, go; enjoy a happier fate!’ 1.207: vosmet rebus servate secundis. ‘Live for a happier day.’		SSDDDS
Desine, nam tua te fervens fiducia fallit!					DDSSDS
Heroum tot cerne neces et cede duello,		Cede equiv. to discede			SSDSDS
Ne suprema videns hostes facias mihi plures.'	885				SDSDDS
[[[quid5|Quid]] de morte mea curas,' ait ille, 'tyranne?			Aeineid 12.48-49.: quam pro me curam geris, hanc precor, optime, pro me/ deponas. ‘The care you have on my behalf, most gracious lord, on my behalf, I pray, resign.’		SDSDDS
Est modo pugnandum tibimet, non sermocinandum.'			Aeneid 12.890: non cursu, saevis certandum est comminus armis. ‘Not in a race, but hand to hand with savage weapons, must we contend.’		DSDSDS
Dixit et in verbo nodosam [[destinat]] hastam,			Aeineid 9.743-744.: dixerat. Ille rudem nodis et cortice crudo/ intorquet summis adnixus viribus hastam; excepere aurae; vulnus Saturnia Iuno/ detorsit veniens, portaeque infigitur hasta. ‘He ended; the other, striving with all his might, hurls his spear, rough with knots and unpeeled bark. The winds received it; Saturnian Juno turned aside the coming blow, and the spear lodges in the gate.’ 6.547: tantum effatus, et in verbo. . . ‘Thus much he said and, as he spoke. . .’		DSSSDS
Cuspide quam propria divertens transtulit heros.			Aeineid 9.743-744.: dixerat. Ille rudem nodis et cortice crudo/ intorquet summis adnixus viribus hastam; excepere aurae; vulnus Saturnia Iuno/ detorsit veniens, portaeque infigitur hasta. ‘He ended; the other, striving with all his might, hurls his spear, rough with knots and unpeeled bark. The winds received it; Saturnian Juno turned aside the coming blow, and the spear lodges in the gate.’ 6.547: tantum effatus, et in verbo. . . ‘Thus much he said and, as he spoke. . .’		DDSSDS
Quae subvecta choris ac viribus acta furentis	890	Choris equiv. to Cauris/Coris, i.e., ventis.			SDSDDS
In castrum venit atque pedes stetit ante puellae.		In castrum: i.e., behind Waltharius, to the open space past the cliffs where Hiltgunt, the horses, and the treasure are.			SDDDDS
Ipsa metu perculsa sonum prompsit muliebrem.			Aeineid 1.513-514.: percussus Achates/ laetitiaque metuque. . . ‘Achates, thrilled with joy and fear. . .’		DSDSDS
At postquam tenuis redit in praecordia sanguis,			Aeineid 10.452: frigidus Arcadibus coit in praecordia sanguis. ‘Cold blood gathers at the hearts of the Arcadians.’ 2.367: redit in praecordia virtus. ‘Valour returns to the hearts.’		SDDSDS
Paulum suspiciens spectat, num viveret heros.		Suspiciens: in its literal sense, unlike in e.g. line 568.			SDSSDS
Tum quoque vir fortis Francum discedere bello	895	Francum: Patavrid	Aeineid 2.109: discedere bello. . . ‘To depart from the war. . .’		DSSSDS
Iussit. at ille furens gladium nudavit et ipsum		Ipsum: Waltharius	Aeineid 10.474-475.: magnis emittit viribus hastam/ vaginaque cava fulgentem deripit ensem. ‘He hurls his spear with all his strength and plucks his flashing sword from its hollow scabbard.’ 9.548: ense levis nudo. . . ‘Lightly accoutred with naked sword. . .’		DDDSDS
Incurrens petiit vulnusque a vertice librat.		Vulnus equiv. to gladium, as often; cf. line 903 below.	Aeineid 2.529: ardens infesto vulnere. . . ‘Eager to strike. . .’ 5.436: duro crepitant sub vulnere malae. ‘Cheeks rattle under the hard strokes.’ 9.417: aliud summa telum librabat ab aure. ‘He balances another weapon close to his ear.’ 5.444: ictum venientem a vertice. . . ‘The down-coming blow. . .’		SDSSDS Elision: vulnusque a
Alpharides parmam demum concusserat aptam					DSSSDS
Et spumantis apri frendens de more tacebat.			Aeineid 1.324: spumantis apri cursum. . . ‘The track of a foaming boar. . .’ 4.158-159.: spumantemque dari pecora inter inertia votis/ optat aprum. ‘He prays that amid the timorous herds a foaming boar may be granted to his vows.’ 10.718: dentibus infrendens. . . ‘With gnashing teeth. . .’		SDSSDS
Ille ferire volens se pronior omnis ad ictum	900	Pronior: comparative for positive, as often; cf. citius, ocius below.	Aeineid 5.147: pronique in verbera pendent. ‘They bend forward to the lash.’ 10.586: pronus pendens in verbera. . . ‘Leaning forward to the stroke. . .’		DDSDDS
Exposuit, sed Waltharius sub tegmine flexus			Aeineid 12.491-492.: se collegit in arma/ poplite subsidens. ‘He gathered himself behind his shield, sinking upon his knee.’		DSDSDS
Delituit corpusque suum contraxit, et ecce					DSDSDS
Vulnere delusus iuvenis recidebat ineptus.			Aeineid 5.446-447.: Entellus vires in ventum effudit et. . .ad terram pondere vasto/ concidit. ‘Entellus spent his strength on air, and in his huge bulk fell to earth.’		DSDDDS
Finis erat, nisi quod genibus tellure refixis		Comments on the events of lines 900-902. Erat…accubuit…cavebat equiv. to fuisset…accubuisset…cavisset	Aeineid 1.223: et iam finis erat. ‘Now all was ended.’		DDDSDS
Belliger accubuit calibemque sub orbe cavebat.	905	Belliger: Waltharius Cavebat: transitive Orbe: sc. scuti	Aeineid 2.227: clipeique sub orbe teguntur. ‘They nestle under the circle of her shield.’		DDDDDS
Hic dum consurgit, pariter se subrigit ille					SSDSDS
Ac citius scutum trepidus sibi praetulit atque					DSDDDS
Frustra certamen renovare parabat. at illum					SSDDDS
Alpharides fixa gladio petit ocius hasta		Fixa…hasta: he plants his spear in the ground.	Aeineid 12.130: defigunt tellure hastas. ‘They plant their spears in the earth.’ Prudentius, Psychomachia 348: defixa cuspide sistit. ‘She plants the spike in the ground.’		DSDDDS
Et mediam clipei dempsit vasto impete partem,	910	Impete equiv. to impetus. The archaic form is not in Virgil but is frequent in Lucretius.	Aeineid 10.484-485: vibranti cuspis medium transverberat ictu/ loricaeque moras et pectus perforat ingens. ‘With quivering stroke the point tears through the centre of the shield; then pierces the corslet’s barrier and the mighty breast.’ Ovid, Metapmorphoses 8.359: certo (vasto) sic impete. . . ‘So with irresistable force. . .’ 3.79: inpete nunc vasto. . . “Now with a huge rush. . .’ Prudentius, Apotheosis 65: magno impete. . . ‘With mighty power. . .’		DDSSDS Elision: vasto impete
Hamatam resecans loricam atque ilia nudans.		Hamatam: i.e., made of chain maille	Aeineid 3.467: loricam consertam hamis. . . ‘A breastplate woven with hooks. . .’ Aeineid 1.211: viscera nudant. ‘They lay bare the flesh.’		SDSSDS Elision: lorica atque; atque ilia
Labitur infelix Patavrid sua viscera cernens			Aeineid 5.329; Georgics 3.498: labitur infelix. ‘He falls, luckless one.’		DSDDDS
Silvestrique ferae corpus, animam dedit Orco.		Chiastic arrangement.	Aeneid 10.559: alitibus linquere feris. ‘You will be left for the birds of prey.’ 2.398: multos Danaum demittimus Orco. ‘Many a Greek we send down to Orcus.’ 9.527: quem quisque virum demiserit Orco . .. ‘Whom each warrior sent down to doom.’ 9.785: iuvenum primos tot miserit Orco? ‘Shall he send down to death so many of our noblest youths?’		SDSDDS
Hunc sese ulturum spondens Gerwitus adivit,		Hunc: Patavrid			SSSSDS Elision: sese ulturum
Qui forti subvectus equo supra volat omnem	915		Aeneid 8.58: remis. . .subvectus. . . ‘Impelled by your oars. . .’ Georgics 1.364: altam supra volat ardea nubem. ‘It soars aloft above the clouds.’		SSDSDS
Stragem, quae angustam concluserat obvia callem.			Aeineid 4.405: convectant calle angusto. ‘They carry it on a narrow track.’		SSSDDS Elision: quae angustam
Et dum bellipotens recidisset colla iacentis,		Bellipotens: Waltharius Recidisset: the i ought to be long. Iacentis: Patavrid	Aeineid 11.8: bellipotens. . . ‘Lord of War. . .’		SDDSDS
Venit et ancipitem vibravit in ora bipennem.			Aeineid 11.651: dextra rapit indefessa bipennem. ‘She snatches a stout battle axe with unwearied grasp.’ 7.525: ferro ancipiti decernunt. ‘With two-edged steel they try the issue.’		DDSDDS
[[[istius]] ergo modi Francis tunc arma fuere.)		Ergo: cf. line 442 and note.			DDSSDS
Vir celer obiecit peltam frustravit et ictum,	920		Aeineid 2.443-444.: clipeosque ad tela sinistris/ protecti obiciunt. ‘With left hands they hold up protecting shields against the darts.’		DSSSDS
Ac retro saliens hastam rapiebat amicam		Hastam…amicam: put down at line 909			SDSDDS
Sanguineumque ulva viridi dimiserat ensem.			Eclogue 8.87: viridi procumbit in ulva. ‘She sinks down in the green sedge.’		DSDSDS Elision: sanguineumque ulva
Hic vero metuenda virum tum bella videres.			Eclogue 6.27: tum vero. . .videres. . . ‘Then indeed you might see. . .’		SDDSDS
Sermo quidem nullus fuit inter Martia tela:			Statius, Thebaid 7.460: Martia tela. . . ‘Their weapons of war. . .’ Eclogue 9.12: tela inter Martia. . . ‘Amid the weapons of war. . .’		DSDSDS
Sic erat adverso mens horum intenta duello.	925				DSSSDS Elision: horum intenta
Is furit, ut caesos mundet vindicta sodales,					DSSSDS
Ille studet vitam toto defendere nisu					SDSDDS
Et, si fors dederit, palmam retinere triumphi.			Aeneid 2.94: fors siqua tulisset. . . ‘If any chance should offer. . .’		SDSDDS
Hic ferit, ille cavet, petit ille, reflectitur iste:					DDDDDS
Ad studium fors et virtus miscentur in unum	930		Aeineid 12.714: fors et virtus miscentur in unum. ‘Chance and valour blend into one.’		DSSSDS
Longa tamen cuspis breviori depulit hostem					DSDSDS
Armatum telo, girat sed et ille caballum		Telo equiv. to bipenni	Aeneid 11.694-695.: Orsilochum fugiens magnumque agitata per orbem/ eludit gyro interior sequiturque sequentem. ‘As she flees Orsilochus and is chased in a wide circle, she foils him, wheels into an inner ring and pursues the pursuer.’		SSSDDS
Atque fatigatum cupiebat fallere homonem.					DSDSDS Elision: fallere homonem
Iam magis atque magis irarum mole gravatus			Aeneid 12.239: iam magis atque magis. . . ‘Yet more and more. . .’		DDSSDS False quantities: magis
Waltharius clipeum Gerwiti sustulit imum,	935		Aeineid 10.588-589.: subit oras hasta per imas/ fulgentibus clipei, tum laevum perforat inguen. ‘The spear comes through the lowest rim of his gleaming shield, then pierces the left groin.’ 10.730-731.: sternitur infelix Acron et calcibus atram/ tundit. ‘Down goes hapless Acron and hammers the black ground with his heels.’		DDSSDS
Transmissoque femur penetraverat inguine ferrum.		Transmisso equiv. to transfixo Ferrum: subject	Aeineid 10.588-589.: subit oras hasta per imas/ fulgentibus clipei, tum laevum perforat inguen. ‘The spear comes through the lowest rim of his gleaming shield, then pierces the left groin.’ 10.730-731.: sternitur infelix Acron et calcibus atram/ tundit. ‘Down goes hapless Acron and hammers the black ground with his heels.’ Aeineid 12.924-925.: hasta. . .per medium stridens transit femur. ‘The spear, whizzing, passes right through the thigh.’		SDDDDS
Qui post terga ruens clamorem prodidit atrum					SDSSDS
Exitiumque dolens pulsabat calcibus arvum.			Aeineid 10.404: caedit semianimis Rutulorum calcibus arva. ‘In death he spurns with his heels the Rutulian fields.’ 10.849-850.: heu nunc misero mihi demum/ exilium (exitium) infelix. ‘Alas! Now at last I know, wretch that I am, the bitterness of exile.’		DDSSDS
Hunc etiam truncum caesa cervice reliquit.					DSSSDS
Idem Wormatiae campis comes extitit ante.	940	Idem: Gerwitus – an elegiac conclusion.			SDSDDS

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Prologue Introduction: the Huns (1–12) The Huns (13–418) The Franks under Gibich surrender to Attila, giving Hagen as a hostage (13–33) The Burgundians under Hereric surrender to Attila, giving Hildegund as a hostage (34–74) The Aquitainians under Alphere surrender to Attila, giving Walther as a hostage (75–92) Experience of the hostages at Attila’s court (93–115) Death of Gibich, flight of Hagen (116–122) Attila’s queen Ospirin advises her husband to ensure Walther’s loyalty by arranging a marriage (123–141) Walther rejects Attila’s offer of a bride (142–169) Walther leads the army of the Huns to victory in battle (170–214) The Escape (215–418) Walther returns from battle and encounters Hildegund (215–255) Walther reveals to Hildegund his plans for escaping with Attila’s treasure (256–286) Walther hosts a luxurious banquet for Attila’s court; eventually all his intoxicated guests fall asleep (287–323) Flight of Walther and Hildegund from Attila’s court (324–357) The following day, the escape of Walther and Hildegund is discovered by Ospirin (358–379) Attila is infuriated and vows revenge on Walther, but can find no one willing to dare to pursue him, even for a large reward (380–418) The Single Combats (419–1061) Diplomacy (419–639) Flight of Walther and Hildegund to the area of Worms (419–435) Gunther, King of the Franks, learns of Walther’s presence on his territory and, despite Hagen’s warnings, decides to pursue him for his treasure (436–488) Walther makes his camp in a mountainous area and goes to sleep (489–512) Gunther and his companions approach Walther’s camp; Hagen unsuccessfully tries to dissuade the king from attacking it (513–531) Hildegund sees the Franks approaching and wakes Walther, who calms her fears and prepares for battle; he recognizes Hagen from a distance (532–571) Hagen persuades Gunther to try diplomacy before using force (571–580) Camalo is sent as a messenger to Walther, who offers to make Gunther a gift in return for allowing his passage (581–616) Hagen counsels Gunther to accept the offer, but Gunther rejects this advice, calling him a coward. Insulted, Hagen goes off to a nearby hill (617–639) Combat (640–1061) 1st single combat: Camalo is sent back to Walther, who slays him (640–685) 2nd single combat: Walther slays Kimo/Scaramund, Camalo’s nephew (686–719) Gunther encourages his men (720–724) 3rd single combat: Walther slays Werinhard, a descendant of the Trojan Pandarus (725–753) 4th single combat: Walther slays the Saxon Ekivrid, after an exchange of insults (754–780) 5th single combat: Walther slays Hadawart, after an exchange of insults (781–845) Hagen sees his nephew Patavrid going off to fight Walther and laments the evil wreaked on mankind by greed (846–877) 6th single combat: after trying to dissuade him from fighting, Walther slays Patavrid (878–913) 7th single combat: Walther slays Gerwitus (914–940) Gunther again encourages his men, giving Walther some time to rest (941–961) 8th single combat: Walther is shorn of his hair by Randolf, whom he then slays (962–981) Walther is attacked by Eleuthir/Helmnot, assisted by Trogus, Tanastus, and Gunther; he slays all but Gunther (981–1061) The Final Combat (1062–1452) Gunther tries to persuade Hagen to help him to defeat Waltharius; remembering his wounded honor, Hagen refuses (1062–1088) Hagen changes his mind and agrees to help Gunther, but advises that they must lie low wait until Walther comes down from the mountains into open ground (1089–1129) Walther decides to spend the night in the mountains. He rematches the severed heads with the bodies of his victims, prays for their souls, then sleeps (1130–1187) The following day, Walther and Hildegund set out from the mountains, taking the horses and arms of the defeated warriors (1188–1207) Hildegund perceives Gunther and Hagen approaching to attack; the king addresses Walther (1208–1236) Walther ignores Gunther and pleads with Hagen to remember the bond of their childhood friendship; Hagen counters that Walther has already broken their faith by slaying Patavrid (1237–1279) The fight begins and continues for seven hours; Gunther foolishly tries to retrieve a thrown spear from the ground near Walther and is only saved from death by Hagen’s brave intervention (1280–1345) Walther challenges Hagen; he severs Gunther’s leg, but Hagen again saves the king’s life (1346–1375) Hagen cuts off Walther’s right hand; Walther gouges out one of Hagen’s eyes and, cutting open his cheek, knocks out four teeth (1376–1395) Having wounded each other, the warriors end the battle, drink together, and engage in a friendly exchange of humorous taunt (1396–1442) The warriors return to their respective homes; Walther marries Hildegund and eventually becomes king of the Aquitainians (1443–1452) Epilogue (1453–1456)

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